.357 Magnum

C—a carbine in .357 Magnum that is a companion to revolvers.
.357 Magnum revolvers.
The ".357 S&W Magnum", or simply ".357 Magnum", is a revolver Cartridge (firearms)cartridge created by Elmer Keith, Phillip B. Sharpe, Daniel B. WessonColonel D. B. Wesson of firearms manufacturer Smith & Wesson, and Winchester. It is based upon Smith & Wesson's earlier .38 Special cartridge. The .357 Magnum cartridge was introduced in 1934, and its use has since become widespread. This cartridge started the 'Magnum' era of handgun ammunition. This cartridge has sufficient energy to produce hydrostatic shock (remote wounding effects) in living targets,Scientific Evidence for Hydrostatic Shock http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0803/0803.3051.pdf which probably contributes to its positive reputation for stopping power.Marshall EP and Sanow EJ: Stopping Power. Paladin,Boulder, CO, 2001.

Design
The .357 Magnum was collaboratively developed over a period in the early to mid-1930s by a group of individuals in a direct response to Colt's .38 Super.38 Super Automatic. At the time, the .38 Super was the only American pistol cartridge capable of defeating automobile cover and the early ballistic vests that were just beginning to emerge in the post-World War I 'Social issues of the 1920sGangster Era.' Tests at the time revealed that those vests defeated any handgun cartridge traveling at less than about 1000 ft/s. Colt's .38 Super Automatic just edged over that velocity and was able to penetrate car doors and vests that Rum-runningbootleggers and gangsters were employing as cover.

Though .38 and .357 would seem to be different-diameter chamberings, in fact they are identical. 0.357 inch is the true bullet diameter of the .38 Special cartridge as well. The .38 Special nomenclature relates to the previous use of heeled bullets (such as the .38 Long Colt), which were the same diameter as the case. Thus, the only external difference in the two cartridges is a slight difference in length, solely for safety purposes as explained below.

Much credit for the .357's early development is given to hunter and experimenter Elmer Keith. Keith's early work in loading the .38 Special to increasingly higher pressure levels was made possible by the availability of heavy, target shooting-oriented revolvers like the Smith & Wesson 38/44 'Heavy Duty' and 'Outdoorsman', .38-caliber revolvers built on .44-caliber frames. The .38-44 HV load, used the .38 Special cartridge loaded to a much higher velocity than standard .38 Special ammunition. The .38-44 revolvers were made by using a .44 Special size gun with the barrel and cylinder bored to .357 caliber (the true bullet diameter of the .38 Special). Since the frame, cylinder, and barrel were much stronger than the standard .38 Special components, it was capable of withstanding much higher pressures. The .38-44 HV round, while no longer available, was in most cases the equal of the later .357 Magnum, which works at more than double the pressure of standard .38 Special. The .357 Magnum addresses the safety issues earlier cartridges had by stretching the case by approximately 1/8th of an inch, preventing the high pressure .357 cartridge from chambering in a firearm designed for the shorter, lower pressure .38. Elmer Keith also contributed the Elmer KeithKeith-style bulletsKeith-style bullet, which increased the mass of bullet located outside of the cartridge, while leaving more room inside the cartridge for powder. The Keith bullet also employed a large, flat meplatmeplat, thus enabling rapid energy transfer for greater wounding properties. At the same time, this bullet design does not deform like a hollow point, and as a result achieves greater penetration. These characteristics of the Keith bullet make it very suitable for hunting applications as well as target shooting.

In order to reassert itself as the leading law enforcement armament provider, Smith & Wesson developed the .357 Magnum, with Colonel D. B. Wesson leading the effort within Smith & Wesson, along with considerable technical assistance from Phillip B. Sharpe, a member of the Technical Division Staff of the National Rifle Association. The new round was developed from Smith & Wesson's existing .38 Special round. It used a different powder load, and ultimately the case was extended by 1/8th of an inch (0.125 in, 3.18 mm). The case extension was more a matter of safety than of necessity. Because the .38 Special and the early experimental .357 Magnum cartridges loaded by Keith were identical in physical attributes, it was possible to load an experimental .357 Magnum cartridge in a .38 Special revolver, with potentially disastrous results. Smith & Wesson's solution, of extending the case slightly, made it impossible to chamber the magnum-power round in a gun not designed for the additional pressure.

The choice of bullet for the .357 Magnum cartridge varied during its development. During the development at Smith & Wesson, the original Keith bullet was modified slightly, to the form of the Sharpe bullet, which itself was based upon the Keith bullet, but which had 5/6 of the bearing surface of the Keith bullet, Keith bullets typically being made oversized and sized down. Winchester, however, upon experimenting further during the cartridge development, modified the Sharpe bullet shape slightly, while keeping the Sharpe contour of the bullet. The final choice of bullet was hence based upon the earlier Keith and Sharpe bullets, while additionally having slight differences from both.

Performance
This cartridge is regarded by many as an excellent self-defense round. It still enjoys a reputation of being the gold standard of stopping power among handgun cartridges and an 'extremely reliable one shot stopper.' For game (food)big game, such as ungulates and bears, which have a substantially sturdier build than humans, it is inferior to the .500 Smith & Wesson .50 Action Express, .44 Magnum, .454 Casull, .41 Magnum and other larger magnum rounds. Still, it is a fine small and medium game round and will kill deer very reliably at short range if the right loads (140 grain and heavier hollow-point bullet) are carefully used by a qualified marksman. Its stopping power on game is similar to the .45 Colt and has a flatter trajectory. It is a very versatile cartridge, and can be used with success for self-defense, plinking, hunting, or target shooting.

Revolvers in .357 Magnum caliber have the significant advantage of also being able to fire .38 Special ammunition, with its lower cost, recoil, noise, and muzzle flash. This trait makes .357 revolvers ideal for novice shooters who are not yet used to firing full-strength .357 loads but don't want the expense of buying a second lower-powered gun to train with. However, it should be noted that a .38 Special should not generally be used with any .357 'automatic' handgun or rifle, such as the Magnum Research Desert Eagle.

It has also become popular as a 'dual use' cartridge in short, light rifles like the American Old West lever-actions. In a rifle, the bullet will exit the barrel at about 1,800 feet per second (550 m/s), making it far more versatile than the .30 Carbine or the .32-20 Winchester. In the 1930s, it was found to be very effective against steel ballistic vests, and metal-penetrating rounds were once popular in the United States among highway patrol and other police organizations. The .357 revolver has been largely replaced by modern, high-capacity semi-automatic pistols for police use, but is still very popular for backup gun use, and among outdoorsmen, security guards, and civilians for self-defense and hunting.

Some common performance parameters are shown in the table below for several .357 Magnum loads. Bullet weights from 125 to 158 grains are common. 125 grain JHP loads are popular for self-defense; whereas, heavier loads are usually used for hunting. Loads are available with energies from just over 400 (ft•lbf) to over 700 (ft•lbf), and penetration depths from 9 inches to over 27 inches are available for various applications and risk assessments.

( class'wikitable'
-
! Manufacturer
! Load
! Mass (grains)
! Velocity (ft/s)
! Energy (ft•lbf)
! Expansion (inches)
! Penetration (inches)
! BPWFrom model in Courtney A, Courtney M: Links between traumatic brain injury and ballistic pressure waves originating in the thoracic cavity and extremities. Brain Injury

21(7): 657–662, 2007. (psi)
! PCMarshall and Sanow, Street Stoppers, Appendix A, Paladin 2006 (in3)
! TSCMarshall and Sanow, Street Stoppers, Appendix A, Paladin 2006 (in3)
! OSSMarshall and Sanow, Street Stoppers, Appendix A, Paladin 2006
! AITFrom model in Courtney A, Courtney M: Links between traumatic brain injury and ballistic pressure waves originating in the thoracic cavity and extremities. Brain Injury

21(7): 657–662, 2007. (sec)
-
American
Quik-Shok JHP
125
1409
551
fragment
9.0
1169
2.7
47.5
88.6%Estimated from model in http://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0701/0701266.pdf
6.4
-
Double Tap
Gold Dot JHP
125
1600
711
0.69
12.75
1064
4.8
69.3 (est)
91.3%Estimated from model in http://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0701/0701266.pdf
6.7
-
Federal
Classic JHP
125
1450
584
0.65
12.0
1487
4.0
79.8
95.8%
5.7
-
Remington
Golden Saber JHP
125
1220
413
0.60
13.0
607
3.7
30.4
81.7%Estimated from model in http://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0701/0701266.pdf
8.9
-
Remington
Semiwadcutter
158
1235
535
0.36
27.5
372
2.8
12.9
67.6%
11.4
-
Winchester
Silvertip JHP
145
1290
536
0.65
14.3
716
4.7
33.7
84.5%
8.2
)
'Key:
"Expansion" – expanded bullet diameter (ballistic gelatin).
"Penetration" – penetration depth (ballistic gelatin).
"BPW" – ballistic pressure wave associated with remote wounding effects known as hydrostatic shock.
"PC" – permanent cavity volume (ballistic gelatin, FBI method).
"TSC" – temporary stretch cavity volume (ballistic gelatin).
"OSS" – Marshall and Sanow “one-shot stop” rating.
"AIT" – Average incapacitation time, time from hit in the center of the chest until incapacitation for 170 lb male as determined from ballistic pressure wave model.'

Prior to transitioning to .40 S&W, California Highway Patrol (CHP), the first large agency to adopt .40 S&W, used a variety of.357 Magnum loads, depending upon what was available via the state contract. According to published CHP test data, the .357 Magnum load used immediately prior to the CHP transition to .40 S&W was the Remington 125 gr SJHP with an average muzzle velocity of 1450 f/s from their duty revolvers. Yet despite the decrease in velocity, CHP has continued to report greater success in officer involved shooting incidents (both better terminal performance, as well as intermediate barrier ability) with their .40 S&W 180 gr JHP than with the .357 Magnum 125 gr SJHP they previously issued.

Comparison

revolver
The .357 Magnum was a direct competitor with the .38 Super, which was designed for semi-automatic pistols. Ballistic performance for the two rounds is very similar. However since the .357 is usually chambered in revolvers, it can be shot in barrels longer than one would normally find in automatics, giving it an increase in performance.

In terms of accuracy, the .357 Magnum has at least the same potential for precision shooting as the benchmark .38 Special wadcutter round—indeed, a good .357 Magnum revolver will happily shoot .38 Special wadcutter ammunition with good results. It is this accuracy and power, and the versatility of also being capable of using less-expensive, milder .38 Special ammunition, that makes a .357 Magnum revolver an excellent gun for many different disciplines, from 20 yard (18.28 m) precision shooting to long range falling-plate events. It is an excellent round for those considering handloading ammunition, as it is economical and consistently performs well.

As mentioned above, the .357 Magnum was developed from the earlier .38 Special. This was possible because the .38 Special was originally designed to use GunpowderGunpowder (black powder)black powder, which requires two to five times as much powder by weight to produce the same velocity with the same bullet as does the much more efficient smokeless powder. Thus the .38 Special has a relatively large case. The 9x19mm Parabellum9 mm Para was introduced the same year (1902) but was originally designed for smokeless powder, and for higher pressures (~35,000 psi). It therefore produces considerably more energy than the .38, despite its case having less than 1/2 the powder capacity. Most 9 mm powder charges fill the case to the base of the bullet, and some are heavily compressed. Many .38 Special loads use the same powders, in similar charge weights, but because the case is so much larger, those charges only fill the case about half full. Light target loads with fast burning powders may only fill the case perhaps 1/8 full. Filling the case with slower-burning powders produces much more power, but also much more pressure; far too much pressure for older, smaller-frame revolvers chambered in .38 Special. It was to accommodate these high-pressure, high-power loads that the longer .357 Magnum, together with the stronger revolvers designed to handle it, were developed.

Synonyms
.357 Mag
.357 S&W Magnum
9x33mmR (Europe)

See also
.357 SuperMag
.357 Remington Maximum
.357 SIG
Smith & Wesson Model 19
Ruger GP-100

References


External links
- semi-automatic pistol in .357 Magnum

en.wikipedia.org